Pros and Cons of In-House Versus Third-Party Confined Space Rescue Teams

Introduction

When it comes to ensuring safety in confined spaces, choosing the right rescue team is crucial. Organizations can opt for an in-house "Confined Space Rescue Team" or contract external "Confined Space Rescue Services." Each option has its benefits and drawbacks, and understanding these can help in making an informed decision.

Pros of an In-House Confined Space Rescue Team

1. Familiarity with the Site: An in-house team will be more familiar with the specific hazards and layout of your facilities, potentially allowing for a faster and more efficient response.

2. Cost-Effective in the Long Term: While initial training and equipment costs can be high, maintaining an in-house team can be more cost-effective over time, especially for companies that frequently work in confined spaces.

3. Integrated Team Dynamics: An in-house team is integrated within the company, allowing for better communication and coordination with other safety protocols and operations.

Cons of an In-House Confined Space Rescue Team

1. High Initial Investment: Setting up an in-house team requires significant investment in training and equipment.

2. Continuous Training Requirements: In-house teams require ongoing training to maintain skills, which can be resource-intensive.

3. Limited Experience: Unless regularly exposed to actual rescue operations, in-house teams might lack the breadth of experience that professional rescuers have, which could affect their effectiveness in varied situations.

Pros of Third-Party Confined Space Rescue Services

1. Highly Specialized Skills: Third-party services often employ professionals who are experts in confined space rescues, ensuring skilled response to emergencies.

2. Reduced Liability and Responsibility: Outsourcing rescue operations can reduce an organization’s liability and the burden of maintaining a rescue team, including training and equipment.

3. Operational Flexibility: Hiring third-party teams allows businesses to adapt quickly to varying levels of need without the ongoing costs of maintaining an in-house team.

Cons of Third-Party Confined Space Rescue Services

1. Cost Variability: While outsourcing can save on fixed costs, the variable costs can be high depending on the frequency and nature of the rescues.

2. Less Familiarity with the Site: External teams might not be as familiar with your specific site as an in-house team, which could affect the efficiency of the response.

OSHA Training Requirements for Rescue Teams

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) mandates specific training for confined space rescue teams to ensure they are competent to perform the necessary duties safely and effectively. Here are the key training requirements as outlined by OSHA:

1. Rescue Team Evaluation: OSHA requires employers to evaluate a prospective rescue team's ability, in terms of personnel, training, and equipment, to respond to confined space emergencies.

2. Training in Rescue Techniques: Teams must be trained in the appropriate techniques and equipment for different types of confined space scenarios.

3. First-Aid and CPR Certification: All rescue team members must be certified in first aid and CPR by a recognized organization.

4. Practice Drills: OSHA stipulates that rescue teams must conduct practice drills at least once every 12 months. These drills should be realistic and simulate the types of confined space emergencies that could occur at the site.

5. Retraining: Retraining must be provided if an assessment of a rescue operation indicates that the rescue team lacks the proficiency required for safe and effective performance.

Conclusion

Choosing between an in-house "Confined Space Rescue Team" and external "Confined Space Rescue Services" depends on several factors, including the frequency of confined space entry, budget constraints, and available expertise. By weighing these pros and cons and ensuring compliance with OSHA’s rigorous training standards, organizations can better protect workers in confined spaces.

At Safety Services Management, we can assist with rescue services and training throughout the nation. Click the link below to receive a quote and ensure your team is prepared for any situation.

Importance of Fentanyl Awareness & Illicit Drug Awareness Courses for Hotel Staff

Hotels are being a hot spot for illicit drug activity so training hotel how to recognize illicit drug activity can play a critical role in ensuring the safety, security and well being of guests and fellow employees. Here are several reasons why it is important for hotel staff to undergo illicit drug awareness classes:

Fentanyl Awareness Training Course for Hoteliers

• Recognizing Signs of Drug Activity: Illicit drug awareness classes provide valuable training on identifying signs of drug use and contaminated sites within hotel premises. This includes recognizing paraphernalia, unusual behavior patterns, and physical symptoms associated with drug consumption. By being observant, hotel staff can help prevent accidental second hand exposures.

• Enhancing Guest Safety: Guests staying at hotels expect a safe and secure environment during their stay. Awareness of illicit drug related issues enables hotel staff to proactively address any potential threats to guest safety, such as drug overdoses, disturbances caused by intoxicated individuals, or the presence of illegal substances in guest rooms. This proactive approach helps maintain the reputation of the hotel and ensures a positive guest experience.

• Protecting Staff and Property: Illicit drug activities can pose risks to the safety of hotel employees and the security of hotel property. Training staff on how to handle situations & having policies and procedures in place involving drug-related incidents, such as discovering drug paraphernalia, helps minimize potential harm to both personnel and assets. 

• Promoting a Drug-Free Environment: Hotels have a responsibility to maintain a drug-free environment for guests and employees. Illicit drug awareness classes instill a sense of responsibility among staff members to uphold the hotel's policies and procedures related to substance abuse and illegal activities.

• Compliance with Regulations: In many jurisdictions, hotels are subject to regulations and laws related to drug control and substance abuse prevention.

The Importance of Providing Narcan to Hotel Staff

In addition to illicit drug awareness classes, providing hotel staff with Narcan (naloxone), a medication used to reverse opioid overdoses, is a crucial step for addressing potential drug-related emergencies within hotel premises. Here's why it's essential to equip hotel staff with Narcan:

Life-Saving Intervention: Opioid overdoses can occur unexpectedly and can quickly become life-threatening. By providing Narcan to hotel staff, they are empowered to intervene promptly in the event of an opioid overdose, potentially saving the life of the affected individual until emergency medical services arrive. Quick administration of Narcan can reverse the effects of opioids, restoring normal breathing and consciousness.

• Rapid Response to Emergencies: In situations where guests or visitors experience opioid overdoses within the hotel, immediate access to Narcan enables staff to respond effectively and decisively. Time is of the essence during overdose incidents, and having Narcan readily available increases the chances of a positive outcome and reducing the risk of fatalities.

• Enhancing Guest Safety and Well-being: Providing Narcan demonstrates a commitment to guest safety and well-being. Guests staying at hotels may be at risk of opioid overdoses due to various factors, including substance abuse disorders, prescription medication misuse, or accidental ingestion of opioids. By equipping staff with Narcan, hotels can offer an additional layer of protection and support for guests in distress, reinforcing their duty of care responsibilities.

• Mitigating Legal and Repetitional Risks: In the event of an opioid overdose occurring on hotel premises, the timely administration of Narcan can mitigate legal liabilities and potential repetitional damage. Hotels that demonstrate preparedness and proactive measures to address drug related emergencies are better equipped to handle crisis situations and uphold their duty to provide a safe and secure environment for guests.

• Enabling Staff to Respond Effectively: Training hotel staff in the proper policies and procedures as well as the use of Narcan empowers them to respond confidently and competently to opioid overdose emergencies. Staff members learn how to recognize the signs of an overdose, administer Narcan safely, and provide supportive care until emergency medical services arrive. This training instills a sense of readiness and competence among staff.

• Contributing to Community Health Initiatives: Equipping hotel staff with Narcan aligns with broader community health initiatives aimed at reducing opioid-related harm and fatalities. Hotels serve as important hubs within communities, and by providing Narcan to staff, they participate actively in efforts to combat the opioid epidemic and promote public health and safety.

It is now apparent; fentanyl is not going anywhere which is why we need to look at this growing hazard for all who may come into contact with illicit drugs. Fentanyl & Illicit Drug Awareness courses for hotel staff are essential for promoting a safe environment within the hospitality industry. If we take the time to provide the hospitatlity industry the proper training, it will allow hotels to uphold their commitment to guest safety, protect their employees and property, contribute to the overall well being of the community and help mitigate potential liabilities that may occur as a result of an overdose or fatality. 

California Employers Required to Adopt New Workplace Violence Plans Under Senate Bill 553

Understanding Senate Bill 553: California Workplace Violence Prevention Plan

Recently, workplace violence has become a growing concern across many industries. To address this issue, the state of California has implemented Senate Bill 553, which mandates the establishment of comprehensive workplace violence prevention plans.

What is SB 553?

Senate Bill 553, which is also known as the California Workplace Violence Prevention Plan, is a legislative bill created to address the rising incidents of violence in the workplace. It requires employers to develop and implement specific strategies and protocols to prevent and respond to workplace violence effectively.

Workplace Violence Prevention Plan Overview:

Risk Assessment:

• Employers required to conduct a complete risk assessment of their workplace to identify potential hazards and risks related to workplace violence.

• Factors such as the kind of the work, previous incidents, locations and employee feedback should be considered during the assessment process.

Written Policy:

• Employers create a written violence prevention policy that outlines the organization's commitment to providing a safe work environment.

• The policy should include what constitutes workplace violence, provide examples, and specify prohibited behaviors.

Training and Education:

• Employers are responsible for providing comprehensive training to employees on recognizing, preventing, & responding to workplace violence.

• Training sessions need to cover topics like conflict resolution, de-escalation techniques, and reporting procedures.

Incident Reporting and Response to Incidents:

• The bill requires employers to establish procedures for reporting incidents of workplace violence.

• Employees should feel empowered to report any incidents or threats without fear of retaliation.

• Employers must also have a structured response plan in place to address incidents quickly and effectively.

Collaborating with Law Enforcement:

• Employers are encouraged to collaborate with local law enforcement agencies to enhance workplace security and response capabilities.

Evaluation and Review:

• The effectiveness of the workplace violence prevention plan should be regularly evaluated and reviewed.

• Employers should ask for input from employees and make adjustments to improve the plan over time.

Benefits of Senate Bill 553:

• Enhanced Employee Safety: By implementing comprehensive workplace violence prevention plans, employers can significantly reduce the risk of harm to employees.

• Improved Work Environment: A proactive approach to addressing workplace violence fosters a safer and more supportive work environment, promoting employee well-being and morale.

• Legal Compliance: Compliance with Senate Bill 553 ensures that employers meet their legal obligations to provide a safe workplace under California law.

The State Senate passed a new bill this week that supporters say would help keep employees safer from workplace violence. One aspect of the bill would prohibit companies from forcing their employees to confront shoplifters and require more training for workers.

Specific Information Regarding SB 553 Workplace Violence Plans:

1. The names or job titles of the individuals responsible for implementing and maintaining the workplace violence prevention plan.

2. Procedures to obtain the active involvement of employees in developing, implementing, and reviewing the workplace violence prevention plan, including their participation in identifying, evaluating, and correcting workplace violence hazards, designing and implementing training, and reporting and investigating workplace violence incidents. 

3. Methods the employer will use to coordinate the implementation of the workplace violation prevention plan among employees in the same facility or department.

4. Procedures for the employer to respond to workplace violence and to prohibit retaliation against employees who make reports of workplace violence.

5. Procedures for ensuring compliance with the workplace violence prevention plan. 

6. Procedures for communicating with employees regarding workplace violence matters.

7. Procedures for developing and providing training on the employer’s workplace violence prevention plan. 

8. Assessment procedures to identify and evaluate workplace violence hazards. 

9. Procedures for correcting workplace violence hazards in a timely manner. 

10. Procedures for post-incident response and investigation.

In addition to developing and implementing a workplace violence prevention plan, covered employers must also “record information in a violent incident log about every incident, post-incident, response, and workplace violation injury investigation” performed in accordance with the workplace violence prevention plan. The log must include information, including, but not limited to: (1) the date, time, and location of the incident; (2) a detailed description of the incident; (3) a classification of who committed the violence; (4) a classification of the circumstances at the time of the incident, including whether the employee was completing usual job duties; (5) a classification of the location of the violence incident; (6) the type of incident, including whether it involved physical, verbal, sexual, or animal attacks; (7) consequences of the incident, such as medical treatment needed and whether security or law enforcement was contacted; and (8) contact information for the individual completing the violent incident log.

The law covers all California employers except health care facilities, service categories, and operations covered by Section 3342 of Title 8 of the California Code of Regulations, facilities operated by the Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation that are in compliance with Section 3203 of Title 8 of the California Code of Regulations, law enforcement agencies that are a “department or participating department” as defined in Section 1001 of Title 11 of the California Code of Regulations and in compliance with Section 3203, employees teleworking from a location of the employee’s choice which is not under the control of the employer, and places of employment with less than 10 employees working at any given time and that are not accessible to the public and in compliance with Section 3203.

California employers subject to the law must also review and update their workplace violence prevention plans on an annual basis and provide an evaluation of the incidents that occurred and maintain records of workplace violence hazards previously identified.

Training and Compliance

Safety Services Management provides comprehensive SB 553 compliance support, including addressing the controversies surrounding the bill. We specialize in Customized Workplace Violence Prevention Plans (WVPP) and Hybrid Training Programs for all employees, focusing on risk mitigation, early violence detection, and employee rights. Our services extend to Incident Reporting, Expert Consultation, and Continuous Compliance Monitoring, ensuring your policies stay updated. By choosing us, you opt for expertise, customization, and a proactive approach to workplace safety, directly addressing SB 553's controversies to protect your team effectively.

The Rising Risk of Illicit Drug Contamination in Recovered Stolen Vehicles

In the past few years, a growing concern has been arising regarding accidental second-hand exposure to illicit drugs, primarily fentanyl and xyzaline. Historically, auto theft often resulted in parts being sold off, but recently, an increasing number of vehicles are being used by thieves for joyriding or as temporary shelter. This is leading to more cases where these cars are found with dangerous substances left behind like fentanyl, xyzaline, and methamphetamine. This poses a significant risk for the car owners and insurance companies responsible for releasing those vehicles back to property owners.

The Danger of Contamination

Fentanyl is an extremely powerful opioid, and its lethality cannot be understated; even a tiny speck can be fatal. This makes the accidental exposure to fentanyl, especially in the context of a recovered stolen vehicle, a matter of grave concern. Alongside fentanyl, xyzaline, a recent addition by drug cartels to enhance fentanyl's effects (known as 'Tranq'), adds to the risk. As xyzaline is not an opioid, naloxone (Narcan) does not reverse its effects. While meth has been around for years and is not as potent or deadly as fentanyl, chronic residual exposure can cause serious health problems. This is why it's important to assess each stolen vehicle for signs of illicit drug use.

Vehicle being assessed for fentanyl after user overdosed.

Auto Insurance Companies Stepping Up

More and more insurance companies are getting wise to this growing problem. Recently, they are starting to bring in professionals to assess recovered vehicles and make sure they're safe before they hand them back to their owners. This move by the insurance companies is comforting that they are taking the proper steps to keep their customers safe. It also gives people peace of mind and cuts down on the insurance company's risk of someone getting hurt from second-hand exposure.

How Vehicles are Tested

Recovered Stollen Vehicle Being Tested for Illicit Drugs

After a vehicle is recovered, it should be assessed for any signs of illicit drug activity by looking for drug paraphernalia or speaking to law enforcement who may have additional insight. If drug paraphernalia is discovered, or it is believed the vehicle may have been contaminated by illicit drugs, the vehicle should be restricted from entry by anyone without proper PPE and training. Surface sampling should then be conducted throughout the cab and trunk in multiple locations, including the HVAC system. If positive results are found, they should be assessed by a professional who can provide guidance on proper cleaning methods, which often include HEPA vacuuming the entire vehicle, spraying neutralizing solution throughout, and may require the removal of all porous materials such as seat fabric, cushions, and headliners. Once remediation is complete, the vehicle should be retested and cleared by a professional for occupancy.

What It Means for Car Owners

For folks getting their stolen cars back, it’s a mixed bag of feelings. Often, the initial joy of recovering their vehicle can quickly be overshadowed by fear of contamination. Taking the steps to assess and test a vehicle not only enhances the occupants' safety but also provides peace of mind.

Vehicle undergoing professional cleaning to minimize the risks of dangerous drugs such as fentanyl.

Wrapping Up

This issue of drug contamination in recovered stolen cars is complex and costly. Taking the steps to properly assess the vehicle is an important first step. For more information on vehicle assessment, Safety Services Management has created online and in-person training courses to address this growing concern. 

The Silent Victims of the Opioid Crisis: The Urgent Call for Legislation and Training

Opioid Crisis: A Nationwide Catastrophe

We are living in an opioid crisis which has had a devastating impact on the United States. This epidemic has not only effected those struggling with addiction as well as their loved ones, but also effects those tasked with working around these lethal chemicals. Not often discussed are the professionals and innocent bystanders who have been hurt or killed. This article aims to shed light on this new growing hazard.

Lethal doses of Fentanyl and Carfentanil found inside a contaminated property.

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A Ripple Effect on Society

Use of opioids such as fentanyl, can devastate more than just the individual user. Not only do these potent drugs wreak havoc on the user, but they also contaminate the places where they are manufactured, stored, or even simply used. This creates an invisible but very real threat to anyone who might unknowingly come into contact with these environments.

As someone who has been working in this field for several years, I believe the tragic instances of secondary exposure happen more frequently than we realize, largely because the dead can't speak for themselves. Consider the heart-wrenching stories we've heard recently: In New York, a two-year-old lost her life after being exposed to fentanyl at her nursery, and three young classmates were also exposed but thankfully survived. In another incident, a 19-month-old died from fentanyl exposure while staying in an Airbnb.

Red Tagged Property Due to Fentanyl Contamination

Closer to home in Los Angeles, two construction workers lost their lives while performing maintenance work inside an apartment. While it was presumed they died from second-hand accidental exposure to fentanyl, some speculation arose that they may have consumed the drugs intentionally. Too frequently, the narrative skews toward a more easily digestible story to avoid wrongful death lawsuits, suggesting that adults found in these situations must have willingly consumed these dangerous substances. I have witnessed firsthand that this version of events is both simpler to convey and more cost-effective for the parties involved when such tragedies occur.

But in the case of young children, there's no room for speculation; the fact is undeniably horrifying. And that's why it's crucial to recognize that people—both young and old—are losing their lives in situations where they have not willingly exposed themselves to these lethal substances. These innocent bystanders become silent victims of an epidemic they didn't choose to be part of. This should compel us to fully investigate the circumstances surrounding these deaths and to adapt our public safety measures to protect the most vulnerable among us.

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Protecting All Workers on the Frontline

It's a disheartening reality that, while first responders are often provided with specialized training to handle these types of hazardous situations, many non-sworn workers are left vulnerable due to a lack of similar resources. Firefighters, EMTs, and police officers are trained to recognize and mitigate the risks of fentanyl and other hazardous substances. They are equipped with personal protective equipment (PPE) and educated on how to proceed safely in contaminated environments. However, the same cannot be said for numerous other individuals who work in high-risk environments, yet lack the formal training and equipment to protect themselves adequately.

Before diving into our urgent call for training, it's important to acknowledge the lives already tragically affected by this crisis. One particularly heartbreaking story that motivated me to take action was that of a house cleaner who died after cleaning a home where a recreational drug user had fatality overdosed. She left behind two young children, their lives forever altered by this devastating loss. She had simply been doing her job, unaware of the invisible dangers that lurked within the contaminated environment she was working in. Her story is a grim testament to the urgent need for widespread education and awareness.Every member on my team was personally affected and saddened by this tragic loss of life.

The team packed up and moved on to the next cleanup. This time they were tasked with cleaning a hotel room where a recreational drug user had recently succumbed to fentanyl. While my team was in the middle of the cleanup, EMTs rushed into a room adjacent to where they were working to respond to another overdose, likely due to fentanyl.

As my team watched the whole event unfold, they witnessed a hotel maid walk into that very room, outfitted only in her regular uniform and equipped with everyday cleaning supplies. She was oblivious to the invisible but potentially deadly hazards that permeated the room and she began her routine cleaning.

She gathered the towels and sheets that had been in close contact with the overdose victim, clutching them tightly against her chest in order to gather as many linens as she could carry. She then proceeded to dump these potentially contaminated linens into her laundry cart, stationed outside the room. As the sheets landed at the bottom of the cart, a puff of air visibly billowed upwards toward her face.

Members from my team immediately intervened, halting her actions to educate her about the life-threatening risks of secondary fentanyl exposure. We explained how easily fentanyl particles could be inhaled, especially in powder form, posing a severe risk to her. Her expression morphed from one of confusion to one of shocked realization as the gravity of the situation fully dawned on her.

These back-to-back incidents were my motivation to educate non-sworn personnel on the hazards of fentanyl. Over the following year, I collaborated with a variety of experts and developed a comprehensive fentanyl awareness training program aimed at vulnerable workers in sectors like hotel management, waste disposal, and auto body shops repairing stolen vehicles in which illicit drugs have been discovered. This was not just a moral obligation but a necessity, as I came to the realization that these groups of workers are completely unaware of the lethal hazards to which they may be exposed.

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Legal and Ethical Considerations

California is at the forefront of tackling fentanyl-contaminated property cleanup through its Methamphetamine or Fentanyl Contaminated Property Cleanup Act, but most states lag in providing comprehensive regulations. As discussed, the drug is alarmingly potent and poses significant risks to users and bystanders alike. While cleanup costs can be exorbitant, ranging from $5,000 to $50,000 for a small site, there is still a lack of detailed federal and state guidelines on decontamination procedures. Most existing policies focus on protecting first responders but overlook other workers who may be at risk. The pressing nature of the fentanyl crisis calls for immediate, comprehensive guidelines for property cleanup to safeguard public health. Click the following for Summary of State Laws regarding fentanyl cleanups, state by state.

Legislation and Financial Relief

California's existing laws can serve as a blueprint for other states. States should also specify what constitutes a "safe level" of contamination. In California, for instance, the guideline is that levels should be "non-detectable," but this leaves room for interpretation regarding the sensitivity of the tests used to measure contamination. Therefore, it is crucial that legislation clearly defines what is considered a safe level prior to reoccupying a room.

There is a growing consensus that legislation needs to account for varying degrees of contamination and public risk. For example, a site where an individual overdoses from an intact pill is a significantly less of a hazard compared to an area where fentanyl powder is dispersed. Consequently, laws should be flexible enough to cater to these variances, prescribing different levels of required cleanup based on the specific conditions.

From my experience, there's also an urgent need for mechanisms that provide financial relief to property owners caught in these situations. Often, they bear considerable financial burdens for cleanup activities, even when they had no prior awareness of illicit drug use occurring on their property. Many property owners with homeowners' insurance are shocked to learn not only the high costs of a professional cleanup but also that their insurance policies frequently do not cover such events. These financial pressures often lead property owners to make risky choices. All too often, I encounter property owners who, lacking the necessary funds for professional cleanup, are faced with the dilemma of either tapping into their life savings or attempting the hazardous cleanup themselves. These decisions can result in the site not being safely cleaned and properly tested for safe habitation. Therefore, it is critical to establish financial relief options that help ensure effective and timely cleanups, while safeguarding both property owners and the wider community.

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Michael A. Polkabla's Case Study on Cleanup and Assessments

Michael A. Polkabla CIH, REA is the Senior Certified Industrial Hygienist and Principal with BioMax Environmental, Inc.

In his groundbreaking case study, "Establishing Standards for the Assessment and Decontamination Cleanup of Opioid-Contaminated Properties," Michael A. Polkabla provides invaluable insights into the complexities of opioid contamination. His research highlights the pressing need for standardized approaches, not only for the benefit of first responders but also for other workers who might be exposed to such hazards. The case study underscores the complexity required to properly clean a contaminated property, an issue that aligns closely with the objectives of this article. For a comprehensive understanding of the assessment and decontamination of opioid-contaminated properties, Polkabla's case study is a must-read.

Conclusion

The far-reaching effects of the opioid crisis necessitate a concerted effort from all sectors. Inspired by the invaluable research of experts like Michael A. Polkabla, this article aims to contribute to the ongoing dialogue. We need comprehensive guidelines and legislation to ensure the safety of all those potentially affected by the opioid epidemic. Whether it's first responders, property owners, maid cleaning services, or body shop workers, a multi-pronged approach is critical in creating a safer environment for everyone. Landlords renting their properties should also review their homeowners' policies to determine if they are covered for fentanyl cleanups. Additionally, there should be a push to provide fentanyl awareness training to non-sworn companies and their employees on the hazards of secondhand fentanyl exposure, as they are often the ones who inadvertently find themselves at risk. Together, we can create a roadmap for a more secure and informed community.

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About the Writer:

Jon Schibsted is a veteran Safety Professional with a distinguished career spanning over 15 years as a hazmat specialist. His expertise extends to specialized training in weapons of mass destruction, including chemical, blister, radiation, and nerve agents. Certified as an Emergency Medical Technician (EMT), Jon owns Safety Services Management, a busieness specializing in fentanyl contamination cleanup and comprehensive training programs to safeguard staff from accidental fentanyl exposure. His extensive experience encompasses roles as a Health and Safety Manager in the private sector and as a former Firefighter and Hazmat Specialist with the Los Angeles Fire Department. Jon's depth of expertise serves as a robust foundation for ensuring the highest levels of safety across a range of environments.

12-year-old Boy Dies After Cleaning Uncle's Drug Paraphernalia

In a somber event from March 2022 in Blackwood, New Jersey, a 12-year-old boy tragically lost his life due to a suspected fentanyl overdose. Troy Nokes, 35 who is the boys uncle is in custody for allegations related to the boy's exposure to fentanyl.

According to the Camden County Prosecutor’s Office and the Gloucester Township Police, Nokes faces charges including aggravated manslaughter. The 12 year old boy was found unresponsive on a school bus and passed away shortly after. Fentanyl intoxication was identified as the cause by the Philadelphia Medical Examiner’s Office.

Investigators revealed that the young boy may have come into contact with fentanyl under Nokes' direction. Joanna Johnson, Nokes' partner, also faces charges.

The heartbroken grandmother of the deceased is grappling with her grandson's untimely passing and the subsequent arrest of a family member. Both Nokes and Johnson are awaiting legal proceedings at the Camden County Correctional Facility. Authorities encourage those with relevant information to reach out, even anonymously, at ccpotips@ccprosecutor.org.

Fentanyl Awareness Training for Hotel Staff

Safety Services Management is excited to announce the launch of the first and only fentanyl awareness program designed to protect employees working in the hospitality industry from accidental secondhand exposure.

Illicit Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid that is 50-100 times more potent than morphine and has been responsible for a significant increase in overdose deaths in recent years. 

Our program is designed to educate employees working in environments who may come into contact with fentanyl. 

Raising awareness about the dangers of fentanyl is a joint effort between public health, non-profit, and law enforcement partners, and is supported by the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA). 

The DEA recognizes the importance of fentanyl awareness and has joined forces with “Song for Charlie” to recognize the first-ever National Fentanyl Awareness Day for current or potential users. This day is an effort to educate individuals around the dangerous threat that fentanyl poses and to save lives.

The Purpose of the Program

The purpose of the Safety Services Management Fentanyl Awareness Program is to increase awareness and decrease fentanyl exposures in the work environment. In Northern California, a housekeeper unknowingly cleaned a room that was contaminated with fentanyl. Within minutes while vacuuming a contaminated area, she died leaving two young kids behind.

Safety Services Management’s online training goal is to educate cleaning staff on the hazards of fentanyl and how to identify a dangerous situation to stop these types of tragic events from reoccurring. The training also has a supervisor course which provides management the resources and tools they need to manage a fentanyl incident. 

The Facing Fentanyl group has established a National Fentanyl Awareness Day on May 9th, to acknowledge the devastation caused by fentanyl poisoning and to remember loved ones lost to this deadly drug. To help spread the word about the dangers of fentanyl, Safety Services Management is releasing this unique training on May 9th for free to the first 500 registered students. To pre-register, please click here.

Essential Knowledge

You may be aware of the dangers posed by fentanyl, but do you know what to do if you come into contact with it?

With our fentanyl awareness training, you'll be equipped with the knowledge you need to protect yourself and those around you. In less than two hours, we'll teach you and your staff how to recognize the signs of a room that may be contaminated with fentanyl, steps to take to protect yourself, co-workers and guests as well as how to manage a fentanyl cleanup incident.

Our fentanyl awareness training provides the essential knowledge you and your staff need to stay safe.  Call us now to schedule a no-cost evaluation consultation and learn how Safety Services Management can help hotels prepare for this lethal chemical contaminating our nation.  

Start Training Today

Call or sign up by clicking the link below today to learn how this powerful training program, created by first responders and industry experts will help keep hotel staff and guests safe. 

Our online courses bring awareness, provides a plan on how to manage a fentanyl incident as well as how to clean up a low risk situation. Our advanced in-person training provides the training needed to safely complete a high risk fentanyl cleanup which follows the EPA’s Guidelines for Methamphetamine and Fentanyl Laboratory Cleanup. 

 To register for this training on how to keep hotel staff and guests safe from the dangers of fentanyl, click here. 

Contact Information

Safety Services Management
(714) 455-9832

safetyservicesmanagement.com

Confined Space | Take care of your employees

What is a Confined Space? 

According to OSHA, a Confined space means a space that: (1) Is large enough and so configured that an employee can bodily enter and perform assigned work; (2) Has limited or restricted means for entry or exit (for example, tanks, vessels, silos, storage bins, hoppers, vaults, and pits are spaces that may have limited means of entry.); and (3) Is not designed for continuous employee occupancy.  

There are also Permit-required confined space (permit space) which is a confined space that has one or more of the following characteristics: (1) Contains or has a potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere; (2) Contains a material that has the potential for engulfing an entrant; (3) Has an internal configuration such that an entrant could be trapped or asphyxiated by inwardly converging walls or by a floor which slopes downward and tapers to a smaller cross-section; or (4) Contains any other recognized serious safety or health hazard. 

Many workplaces contain areas that are considered "confined spaces" because while they are not necessarily designed for people, they are large enough for workers to enter and perform certain jobs.  

Graphic courtesy of EHS Daily Advisor

Accidents in the workplace 

Over the past months, there have been many accidents related to confined spaces. It is saddening that most of these resulted in workers’ death. A look back into some of the circumstances will hopefully avoid these tragic deaths. 

In March, a worker in Colorado Springs almost lost his life while performing routine maintenance work. The employee was inside a cement mixer when their coworker turned the machine on. The worker was able to escape before suffering serious, if not deadly, injuries. 

The U.S. Department of Labor says Springs-based company Lindsay Precast Inc. “willfully” exposed that employee to what could have been a fatal situation. 

“A U.S. Department of Labor investigation determined the company’s failure to comply with federal workplace safety standards nearly cost the worker their life.” (Lindsey Grewe and Aaron Vitatoe, August 29, 2022, KKTV, Colorado Springs-based company found responsible for near-fatal incident involving cement mixer) 

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2 Workers Die Inside of a Manhole - August 20th, 2022

A tragic incident last August where the bodies of two workers have been recovered after they were found dead Friday evening in a manhole at a residential job site.  

The city of Edwardsville said in a press release that officers were called to the 100 block of East Union Street shortly before 7 p.m. and found the two men. It's believed the workers had entered the manhole sometime in the late afternoon. 

Fire Chief James Whiteford said the atmosphere where the men were found had very little oxygen and a buildup of toxic gasses, which is common in confined underground spaces.  

The men were unresponsive and first responders attempted to rescue them, but once they were confirmed dead, it transitioned to a recovery effort. (Kelsi Anderson August 20, 2022, 5 ON YOUR SIDE, Bodies recovered after 2 workers die in Edwardsville manhole) 

Another tragic incident in Illinois last September involved a 48-year-old employee who died from chemical injuries sustained while inspecting a tanker trailer. The U.S. Department of Labor’s Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) recently issued a fine to the Illinois truck and trailer repair company B & R Repair of Lemont.   

It was fined $326,306 for exposing workers to confined space hazards following an OSHS investigation, the agency said on September 8. 

According to OSHA, the worker entered the tanker “as part of an annual U.S. Department of Transportation requirement and was overcome from exposure to bleach and chlorine gas. The worker was found unconscious in the tanker trailer, he later died of his injuries.” 

Investigators cited B & R Repair for two willful and ten serious violations. (Ashley, September 8, 2022, CDL Life News, Illinois truck repair company fined $326K for death of worker in tanker) 

These tragic events would have been avoided if the employers followed OSHA Confined Space guidelines. The employers would not have faced citations and fines, and most importantly these workers would have been able to come home to their families. 

Employers are required by the United States Department of Labor to strictly follow OSHA guidelines on “confined space” jobs. Violations are not treated lightly because the life of workers are on the line. Employers should take all precautionary measures for their employees to ensure their safety at all times. 

Atmospheric Hazards within a Confined Space

Atmospheric hazards within a confined space are the leading cause of entrant fatalities. As we know, workers working inside of a confined space will often experience restrictions in movement, have only one way in and out, and working in an environment that isn’t meant for continuous occupancy.

Let’s review the deadly killer, atmospheric hazards which are often odorless gasses that can sneak up on an entrant without them knowing it.

PRESS RELEASE - Cal/OSHA Cites Four Employers $1.75 Million for Safety Violations in Death of Worker at Valero Refinery

An incident last November 2021 caused the life of a 35-year-old worker. The worker lost consciousness after descending into a regenerator overflow well at the Benicia refinery to evaluate the condition of the well interior and perform cleaning operations in advance of a welding crew. 

He was discovered within the regenerator, equipped with fall protection, and retrieved by a refinery emergency rescue crew. He received on-site medical attention from the Benicia Fire Department and the Valero Refinery Fire Department, but they were unable to revive him. 

The culprit is the odorless gas argon, which was leaking from a welding torch left in the well and replaced the oxygen inside the space.

Argon in an open atmosphere is not extremely dangerous as its placard rating for Health is 1, Flammability is 0, and Reactivity is 0. When used within a confined space, everything changes as it will replace the oxygen which can drop to deadly levels as we see from the above example.

Common Toxic Gases 

Toxic gases can be created by items that are purposefully utilized or stored in confined spaces, by natural processes, mistakenly introduced into the space, or, in the case of sewers and big, linked systems, make their way into the area being worked on. 

In a confined space this may include harmful materials due to the type of manufacturing method used, the biological and chemical "breakdown" of the product being stored in a tank, maintenance activities (such as welding) carried out in the confined area, and other factors. 

Common types of toxic gases encountered in confined spaces are: 

Hydrogen Sulfide - "Sewer gas" is a colorless gas with a rotten egg smell. Numerous fatalities in restricted spaces have been connected to excessive exposure. Because hydrogen sulfide impairs our ability to smell, some people may believe that the gas has left the area. Asphyxiation is brought on by hydrogen sulfide, which prevents the exchange of oxygen at the cellular level. 

Carbon monoxide - is produced when carbon-based fuels are burned, and it has no scent or color (gas, wood). The body's ability to distribute oxygen to every region of the body is hindered by carbon monoxide. 

Solvents - many solvents, including kerosene, gasoline, paint removers, degreasers, etc., are not only flammable but can also have negative effects on the central nervous system (CNS) if inhaled in high quantities. Dizziness, drowsiness, lack of focus, disorientation, headaches, coma, and death are examples of CNS effects. 

Many workplaces have hazards related to confined spaces. Employers are required to recognize and label confined spaces, create and maintain emergency response plans for the workplace, and train employees and supervisors. 

How to Protect Entrants

The solution is for the most part simple but often not followed or not followed correctly. That solution is to test the atmosphere before and during entry. If you or your crew do not know how to properly test a space or use the atmospheric monitor that is provided to you then learn it! Learn how to test the different stratospheres.

Los Angeles Schools dealing with fatal fentanyl

A synthetic opioid called fentanyl is 50 times more potent than heroin. More than 107,000 drug overdose deaths occurred in the United States in 2021, with synthetic opioids like fentanyl responsible for nearly 71,000 of those deaths, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 

Last August, the DEA also released a warning about what it described as a "growing trend" in which "brightly-colored" fentanyl pills were being used to entice young people and become drug addicts. 

Last month, when authorities made significant busts in Arizona and Colorado, the fight against the country's fentanyl crisis was clearly on show. Meanwhile, a wave of student overdoses was causing concern among education officials in Los Angeles. 

The largest fentanyl seizure in the history of the city was claimed to have been made by the Phoenix Police Department and two people were also detained. 

Following a traffic check, deputies in Mack, Colorado, just east of the Utah state border, found 2.4 pounds of fentanyl powder and about 90,000 fentanyl tablets inside a car, according to the Mesa County Sheriff's Office. And a driver, 22 years old, was detained. 

The Los Angeles division of the Drug Enforcement Administration reported seizing 1.5 million fentanyl tablets in the first four months of 2022, a 64% rise over the same time in the previous year. 

Melanie Ramos, 15 years old high school student who died on September 13 from fentanyl.

 At least seven students have overdosed on potentially fentanyl-laced pills in the Los Angeles Unified School District (LAUSD), the second-largest school district in the country, the LAPD revealed. One of them was Melanie Ramos, 15, a high school student who died on September 13 after taking what she and another victim thought were Percocet pills, according to the LAPD. Two adolescents have been detained in relation to her passing. 

 The administrator of the LAUSD West District, Dr. Adaina Brown, declared that "we must do better."

This is a tragedy that no parent should ever have to endure. Unfortunately, deaths from illicit fentanyl drug use is becoming all too common and with the government’s slow pace to combat this lethal drug, it will continue to destroy the lives of our children.  

Our government is on the losing side of the fentanyl fight as they take a soft approach for penalties against illegal drug dealers who are knowingly cutting this lethal drug into counterfeit drugs to create a stronger potency. It has failed to take action against China for allowing the chemicals used to produce fentanyl to be exported to Mexico. They have failed to protect our borders and they have failed to hold Mexico accountable in dismantling the numerous illicit fentanyl drug labs located in Mexico.

In the weeks to follow, LAUSD Superintendent Alberto Carvalho intends to provide Narcan, a medication that reverses opioid overdoses, to every LAUSD campus. This is a great start to helping those who are actively overdosing. However, this does not stop the truckloads of lethal illegal drugs crossing our southern border. As Adaina stated, “We must do better.” It’s time to treat illicit fentanyl as what it truly is, “a weapon of Mass Destruction.” 

To learn more about the history of fentanyl, it’s destruction on our community and the hazards it leaves behind, please read our in depth article Fentanyl - The Untold Story.

Fentanyl - The Untold Story

The Ramifications of Fentanyl Beyond the Death of a User

In early April, the Orange County District Attorney’s Office in Southern California, filed felony charges against two drug dealers in the largest bust in the county in 16 years. On March 17, Buena Vista police officers stopped the pair outside a home as they were driving away in a minivan. It was packed with 822 pounds of meth, 89.7 pounds of cocaine, and the biggest killer of them all, 20.5 pounds of illicit fentanyl pills destined to be sold as counterfeit opioids or likely crushed and cut into cocaine, meth, or heroine.

Charges Filed in Largest Orange County Drug Bust in 16 Years – Buena Park pair arrested with enough fentanyl to kill 4.7 Million People.

Photo courtesy; The Orange County District Attorney’s Office

The District Attorney estimated that given the lethal dose of fentanyl—a minuscule 2 milligrams—the haul had the potential to kill 4.7 million people. “Fentanyl is cheap, is easy to get and it is killing our children, our coworkers and tens of thousands of innocent Americans,” says County District Attorney Todd Spitzer in a press release on the matter. He urges caution: “Millions of unsuspecting people have the grim reaper looking over their shoulder, and they have no idea how close they actually are to dying from taking a single pill.”

An additional concern when dealing with fentanyl is the accidental exposure by an innocent bystander. This is rare but does occur even though groups who are pro-legalizing illicit drugs will say otherwise. The reality is, illicit fentanyl like the analog carfentanil is approximately 100 times more potent than pharmaceutical grade fentanyl and 10,000 times more potent than morphine. Individuals who have not built up a tolerance and accidentally inhales or ingests this illicit drug can be fatal.

While deaths of fentanyl users increasingly make the headline news, rarely if ever are there the untold stories of those responsible for decontaminating a property to make it fully safe and habitable.

A Dunk in the Deep End

In 2020, Greg Gleeson, who co-owns 200 units in Southern California with his brother, gets disturbing news from their property manager. He calls to inform Gleeson that the San Bernardino County Fire Department red tagged one of their rental units where two people overdosed and a third victim was in the hospital.  

Drug Dealers commonly make illicit pills using a pill press.

Photo Courtesy; DEA

Gleeson rushes to the scene and is shocked by what he finds.

 “There were people in hazmat suits,” he says. “I thought, was somebody there using nuclear material and making bombs or something?”

In essence his rental unit morphed into a hazardous waste site. 

 “The police told me that these guys were cutting illicit fentanyl pills in the apartment,“ he says. “They probably inhaled the fentanyl powder, and it killed them. That’s when I discovered that a small amount of fentanyl like a grain of salt could be lethal.”

That was only the beginning of Gleeson’s nightmare, or, as he describes it, his “dunk in the deep end.” The property was impounded and red tagged by the fire department. It was determined that it needed a complete remediation by a professional crew before the unit could be deemed safe and habitable.

Northern California Twin Deaths

On June 7, 2019, a victim of fentanyl poisoning is found seated in front of a TV with the remote still in-hand in his 2,800-square-foot residence in Northern California. The potent dose of the illicit opioid hit this victim so fast he had no time to call for help as his life came to a tragic end.

Local police and the Coroner’s Office examine the death site. After a brief inspection, they conclude it was a run-of-the-mill overdose or cardiac arrest. No crime was involved. Case closed. The autopsy was minimal, and the lab tests were sent to a testing site in Pennsylvania, but the results were not readily available.

A week after his death, the case is reopened after an unsuspecting house cleaner loses her life while vacuuming the site where he died. It was later discovered that fentanyl was the source of the original overdose as well as the cause of death of the house cleaner.

After the home is red tagged by local authorities, testing begins by a Certified Industrial Hygienist which shows that traces of fentanyl is found throughout the home.

Two weeks after the house cleaner’s death, lawsuits against various parties are filed. A trust company, which represents the owner of the property, hires lawyer Mac Prout from the Borton Petrini law firm.

“I’ve been involved in cases for more than four decades, but I’ve never encountered one as tragic as this,” says Prout, explaining that lawsuits are still in litigation. “It has affected the recreational drug user’s entire family as well as the deceased house cleaner, whose two young girls lost their mother. It’s an unadulterated case of the beast of addiction. Top to bottom, this was incredibly senseless.”

The Untold Story

These narratives are only two examples of thousands of casualties from the ruinous fentanyl epidemic sweeping our nation.

The heart-wrenching stories of how heroin, cocaine and opioid addiction take lives and devastate those in the wake of overdoses are all too familiar. But as shown in both these California communities, today users and law enforcement across the country are grappling with an unprecedented crisis fueled by a lesser known but even more lethal substance: synthetic fentanyl. Largely manufactured in Mexican labs from chemicals imported from China, fentanyl is smuggled across the U.S. border and sold on the black market for enormous profit.

While overdoses make headline news, what’s blatantly overlooked and unreported is the consequences of overdoses do not end merely with a user’s death. The untold story: When a person has engaged in illicit fentanyl use the site may have turned into a hazardous waste site. Inhaling or ingesting a small amount of the drug can be deadly. The ramifications impact all who come in contact with the property—from first responders to those tasked with cleaning up, and at worse, those who are not aware of the hazard such as family members or even a hotel guest enjoying a relaxing vacation.

Federal Drug Enforcement Weighs In

In September 2021, the Drug Enforcement Administration weighed in on the fentanyl epidemic with a Public Safety Alert. “The United States is facing an unprecedented crisis of overdose deaths fueled by illegally manufactured fentanyl and methamphetamine,” says Anne Milgram, DEA administrator. “Counterfeit pills that contain these dangerous and extremely addictive drugs are more lethal and more accessible than ever before.”

At that point in time, more than 9.5 million counterfeit pills were seized in 2021—more than the past two years combined—with a dramatic rise in the pills packed with the lethal dose of 2 milligrams of fentanyl, according to the DEA. Two out of every five pills with fentanyl contain a potentially deadly dose—small enough to fit on the tip of a pencil.

Up to 50 times more powerful than heroin, pharmaceutical fentanyl began with noble intentions. It was first developed in 1959 by Paul Janssen, a Belgian doctor and pharmacologist, as an intravenous pain treatment for cancer patients. It was certified for palliative care by the FDA in 1968.

DEA Museum Presents: “American Crisis:Fentanyl & Fake Pills”

Based on a recent analysis of Centers for Disease Control data, fentanyl has become the predominant killer for Americans ages 18 to 45. In the past two years, deaths from fentanyl have considerably exceeded deaths from COVID-19 for this age group. Recently, the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported more than 93,000 people died of a drug overdose in the U.S. in 2020, an increase of 30 percent from the previous year. It blames the rise on the increased use of fentanyl sold on the streets. In an updated report, the agency said that  more than 100,000 had died in a 12-month period ending in April, mostly attributed to fentanyl use. Drug researchers say that that number will rise every month.

Eager to make a greater profit, dealers lace commonly known drugs such as heroin and cocaine with fentanyl. This often results in a lethal cocktail for unsuspecting buyers. Those who fall prey include recreational users seeking a cheap and powerful euphoric high and addicts desperately looking for a less expensive alternative to legal, FDA-approved fentanyl.

The FDA reports that there are thousands of illegal websites that peddle counterfeit drugs (Snapchat has been singled out for its ease in selling suspect online drugs). It’s a national disaster of epic proportion that spans all socio-economic backgrounds and ages and increasingly infiltrates all regions of the country.

Over 30 pounds of suspected heroin and hundreds of fentanyl pills seized at Bronx packaging mill: five arrested.

Photo Courtesy of DEA

In October 2021, the DEA announced at a press conference that within the previous eight weeks it arrested 810 traffickers in the criminal drug distribution networks across the U.S.

Deputy Attorney General Lisa O. Monaco says, “The pervasiveness of these illicit drugs, and the fatal overdoses that too often result, is a problem that cuts across America from small towns to big cities and everything in between.”

“The fentanyl-laced fake pills seized by the DEA could potentially kill more than 700,000 Americans,” says Anne Milgram, administrator of the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration. At the press conference she added, “I urge the American public today to talk to their loved ones about the threats and dangers of fake pills and the simple fact that one pill can kill.”

Today, many investigators point to the onset of Covid-19 pandemic when people increasingly bought drugs through the Darknet which had already become a lucrative drug-selling underground business. Much of the drug sales took place on social media platforms. Most of the fake pills were laced with fentanyl. 

In 2021, the DEA helped to launch the massive 10-month Operation Dark HunTor that traced drug vendors running laboratories at home. They were creating illicit pills laced with fentanyl. In the U.S., the operation alone seized more than 200,000 counterfeit pills.

Hidden Dangers of a Fentanyl Cleanup

Cleaning up fentanyl at a contaminated property is a daunting challenge riddled with complex issues. Making a place safe again entails adhering to strict safety protocols, including testing, hiring a certified industrial hygienist and a qualified hazmat trained cleanup crew.

The most important factor is to hire a crew of professionals to make certain that the remediation is done safely. That’s the main challenge companies in the remediation business face.

In 2003, Joe Mazzuca and his wife Julie founded Meth Lab Cleanup Company with the intent to primarily clean up contaminated properties that were used as labs for manufacturing methamphetamine “meth” for the black market. (It’s estimated that there are still 2.5 million meth lab sites in the U.S.)

Since then, their Florida-based company has become the leader in cleaning thousands of sites contaminated by meth. In recent years, Mazzuca has seen a big shift in the illicit drug market.

“In the last 18 months, we’ve seen a huge trend of overdoses of meth users who were using drugs cut with fentanyl,” he says. “It’s a hazardous material. On most of the sites we service, there’s been a rise in deaths just from handling the drugs. It doesn’t take much to overdose. We test for both meth and fentanyl to make sure a space can safely be inhabited.”

Mazzura’s clean-up reputation has led him to train hazmat professionals around the world. Jon Schibsted, a former firefighter for Los Angeles, received extensive training from Mazzura to handle clandestine lab cleanups.

Schibsted founded Safety Services Management, LLC (SSM), a Southern California-based company that specializes in meth and fentanyl cleanups. His team was hired for both the San Bernardino and Northern California properties which we will later review.

Often times porous items need to be naturalized and then discarded to ensure hidden traces of fentanyl are removed.

“My primary objective is to educate property owners and inform them about the dangers of a site contaminated with fentanyl and how important it is to have it cleaned properly,” he says. “If property owners are blindsided by a fentanyl death and do not take the proper steps, others could be tragically exposed, rental incomes could be wiped out for months and lead them wide open to possible lawsuits.”

Schibsted notes that because fentanyl is such a cheap drug for mixing with other narcotics, its manufacturing reach is widespread. “This is the real danger,” he says. “It’s occurring in hotel rooms, apartments, houses, garages and storage facilities which can cause widespread contamination that the general population can be exposed to.”

When a local public health unit responds to a fentanyl fatality and determines that the property needs to be red tagged due to fentanyl contamination, all traces of fentanyl must be removed. This begins the nightmare for many property owners. Some agencies such as the San Bernardino County Fire Department give the owner a packet that includes the cleanup process and information about contractors approved to handle this specialized remediation. But oftentimes, the property owners are left on their own to find the appropriate resources.

“The cost is huge,” says Dwane Pianalto, a Southern California Registered Environmental Health Specialist (R.E.H.S). “Such a substantial cost for a hotel, for example, means loss of rental income. If a site is red tagged, the law states no further occupation is allowed until the remediation is completed. The whole process could easily take up to 90 or more days.”

Once a site has been red tagged due to fentanyl, a Preliminary Site Assessment is created by a trained professional such as a certified industrial hygienist. The hygienist takes samples of the site and provides recommendations on cleaning. “We prefer to work directly with the hygienist at the beginning of the process to ensure they sample the site to paint a clearer picture of what needs to be cleaned,” says Schibsted. “If it isn’t done correctly, it can lead to a much higher cleanup cost.”

SSM often uses certified industrial hygienist Joe McCaffrey in Southern California. “I started working on methamphetamine cases, but fentanyl cases are increasing,” he says. “Various surfaces inside the residence are sampled for fentanyl contaminants. Sampling usually includes walls, floors, furniture, appliances, HVAC systems and areas that appear to have been impacted by pill presses, smoking or drug cooking activities.” Those samples are then analyzed by an accredited lab that provides the results of contamination.

When fentanyl is in powder form, McCaffrey says, “I advise neutralizing the drug with a solution such as Decon7 or Dahlgen, an oxidation-based cleaner, then follow up by using a vacuum with HEPA filters to remove all the small particles. Then we test again to make sure the property is safe to reoccupy.”

Nightmare Remediation No. 1: San Bernardino

Crews preparing to make entry into Gleeson’s rental property.

Greg Gleeson calls his ordeal a nightmare. He had to move people out of adjoining units, which meant a hit in income for rentals. He then had issues with his property insurance company that rarely covers damages from drug abuse.

Gleeson hired Schibsted’s company to clean up the unit. “There were some other remediation companies, but I went with Jon’s company, Safety Services Management,” he says. “As a former firefighter, he knew exactly what the fire department required. They got the job done, but then there were delays on getting the unit remodeled to rent again. The whole process took over a year to complete. All said, it cost us a small fortune.”

As for his recommendations to other property owners, Gleeson says, “So much fentanyl is coming through Mexico, so Southern California is being hit hard. More is coming in, so be prepared. Check your insurance, have a rolodex of cleaning crews and be ready to hire one to fix the whole mess.”

Nightmare Remediation No. 2: Northern California

After the second death at the Northern California property, inspectors found an abundance of fentanyl residue throughout the house.

Built-in cabinets with darkened glass windows were discovered in the wall in the television room. Drawers in other rooms revealed more visible evidence of contamination.

Due to the tragic loss of two individuals over a 7-day period, the home was red tagged to only allow hazmat trained personnel to enter the property to ensure this tragedy doesn’t repeat.

This particular property was red tagged for a period of over two and a half years from the horrible events that started in June 2019. The lack of clear regulations when dealing with fentanyl contaminations has been a key contributing factor creating confusion on how to deal with these types of properties which can turn into a litigation nightmare.

Decontamination Process

Crews vitals are taken before, during and after they make entry into a fentanyl contaminated property.

“Safety is our highest priority,” Schibsted says. “We not only train our employees on how to remediate the site but also plan for the worst-case scenario. A worker can go down in a hazardous environment in seconds. I train my crew on how to rapidly extract an unconscious worker from a hazardous environment and how to provide life saving measures.”

At every step during the initial cleaning phase, the work is slow and dangerous.

Crews use decontamination solution to neutralize illicit fentanyl.

“We attack and neutralize the area known to have fentanyl which is often in a powder form,” Schibsted says. “When you first make entry into the site, it’s essential to avoid stirring up particles which could contaminate the workers and their equipment. The goal is to isolate the fentanyl to keep it from spreading, then begin the cleanup.”

Once the known contaminated areas are neutralized, SSM applies a low-pressure sprayer to spray areas of concern with a decontamination solution. Most porous items are discarded, and the valuable non-porous items are cleaned. Removing the decontamination solution is done by using a pressure nozzle and extractor to rinse the ceilings, walls and floors. Once all the surfaces are dry, the entire site is then vacuumed with a commercial grade HEPA vacuum. This process at may at times need to be repeated before all traces are removed.

“To ensure the place is safe to reoccupy, we run multiple tests which detect trace levels of fentanyl,” Schibsted says. “Depending on the level of original contamination, we will then have an industrial hygienist return and review our cleaning process and take post cleaning lab samples.”

Decontamination Challenges

The science is there, but state legislations have been notoriously slow to respond to the epidemic. Currently, California, is the only state that has established cleaning standards with a fentanyl detection level. It’s a start but nowhere near the 2007 federal Methamphetamine Remediation Research Act that established guidelines for meth lab cleanup in response to the addiction problem. For the most part, states have not addressed the fentanyl cleanup problem—even though fentanyl poses one of the greatest threats to public health.

EPA - Voluntary Guidelines for Methamphetamine and Fentanyl Laboratory Cleanup

In a more recent report in 2021, the EPA published a 64-page booklet “Voluntary Guidelines for Methamphetamine and Fentanyl Laboratory Cleanup.” These are “voluntary guidelines,” published by a governing agency that specializes in protecting the environment, not humans. The EPA got the ball rolling, but it’s disappointing that agencies that focus on protecting human health have not stepped up like the EPA to reduce the chance of a secondary exposure. 

As might be gathered, fentanyl cleanup can be enormously expensive which could potentially lead to cutting corners in full remediation. In St. Louis, Missouri, a rental car was being used to transfer drugs. One bag containing fentanyl ripped open in the trunk. The company called a decontamination company which quoted $30,000 to complete the cleanup. Because there were no cleanup requirements by law in Missouri, the rental car company cleaned the car itself. The price was less costly but easily could have put the workers and future renters in grave danger at the cost of rental car profits.

With a policy vacuum on the safety dangers of illicit fentanyl, the public’s safety is at risk for all people in all states. The owners of properties could be sued if a future resident succumbed to a fentanyl exposure that wasn’t properly remediated.

Crews and their equipment are decontaminated as they exit the property to eliminate accidental spreading of illicit fentanyl.

In August 2021, eight people overdosed on fentanyl cut into cocaine in small North Fork towns in the seaside East End of Long Island 100 miles away from New York City. Six died, two were hospitalized. They were all recreational users. In a New York Times news report, Timothy D. Sims, the district attorney of Suffolk County where 3,000 people have died of overdoses in the last decade, said that there had been pressures of shortages on the market which affected drug dealers. “All the while we have seen demands skyrocketing from users because of the impact the pandemic has had on them.”

The North Fork headlines were of course atrocious, but again nothing was written about the remediation of properties contaminated by fentanyl. Two dealers in Suffolk County were arrested—Lavain Creighton from Greenport, Justin Smith from Smithtown. They will be put on trial for their responsibility of these deaths and could well face a manslaughter conviction but there has been no news on the cleanup work by the narcotics division not only where the dealing occurred but also in the towns where deaths took place.

Several calls to the Suffolk County officials were not returned. Too busy? Or were those in charge unwilling to speak on the record about the issue of cleanup? Like more than twenty states in the nation, New York doesn’t regulate illicit drug cleanups. So, it’s a jump ball with the unsuspecting public most at risk from traces of fentanyl’s deadly pollution.

The pandemic could well have taken a detrimental role in the social climate that triggered the rise of using poisoned pills. Isolation, depression, fear can all play into a drug addiction.

Schibsted concludes, “My hope is that we can get the word out about how dangerous illicit fentanyl is to not only the user, but everyone that may accidentally come into contact with this deadly drug.”

Fentanyl Epidemic in Teens

Flow of Fentanyl into America

Deaths associated with the illicit flow of fentanyl into American culture is often deemed to be an adult problem. In cities, addicts gathered in small clusters—like The Tenderloin district of San Francisco—will jump at any drug that comes their way. In the suburbs, people craving an exciting recreational high are at full risk because they don’t know what’s in a drug that has been purchased. Online dealers are notorious for flooding the market with fentanyl-laced powders and pills. These cases are proliferating in recent years, though too often they fall out of consciousness as an issue that is irrelevant. But what about the kids?

 What’s most alarming are the new stories about teenage deaths because of fentanyl use. They are being reported recently in wider visibility. A troubling story comes from San Jose where in November 2020 a 12-year-old girl bought an “M-30” pill that she thought was a dose of the euphoric Percocet opioid. She was with two other teenage girls who were taking a video while their friend crushed the pill and snorted the powder. She then passed out because of a fentanyl overdose. Her friends took her to a regional medical center where she was declared dead. She became the youngest person to die in Santa Clara County that year.

On the day she died, the San Jose Police Department arrested a 16-year-old teenager who sold the pill to her. They said they traced the illegal dealing to his Google Photos account that showed screenshots of public service warnings over fentanyl overdoses. In a statement, District Attorney Jeff Rosen said, “After thousands of deaths, everyone should know that fentanyl is a deadly poison.”

While executing a search warrant, police officers found 100 bags of fentanyl in the bedroom of the Hartford, Connecticut, teenager who died of an overdose in school. - Hartford Public Schools

In 2022, the county announced that the dealer was facing murder charges. It’s the second such case in the county where a 14-year-old Concord high school student died after ingesting an M-30 pill. In the area, earlier an 18-year-old man died from fentanyl after buying a pill over Snapchat. That dealer was also charged with murder.

Three thousand miles away, a horrendous case of fentanyl abuse took place in Connecticut at the Sports and Medical Science Academy magnet school where a 13-year-old student who was dealing bags of fentanyl powder collapsed in the gymnasium and died two days later on January 13, 2022. Two other students at the school were sickened after exposure but recovered in an area hospital. Investigators determined that the deceased had taken the drugs to school. Authorities uncovered 60 bags that were linked to the 13-year-old. The bags were stashed in two classrooms and the gym. The school was evacuated and locked down after the incident to give way to an extensive cleanup. The school reopened to students on January 19. 

Courtesy of ABC News - A 16-year-old drug dealer was arrested and charged with murder of a 12-year-old San Jose girl who died of a fentanyl overdose, according to officials.

The police executed a search warrant for the seventh grader’s home where they uncovered another 100 bags in his bedroom. “This fentanyl was packaged in the same manner as the bags located at the school, had the same identifying stamp and tested at an even higher purity level [60%],” Hartford police said. “We can confidently say that the fentanyl that caused the overdose was the same fentanyl that was located in the juvenile’s bedroom.” 

The Hartford police has yet to determine who was the dealer of the drugs to the youngster. It is still in the midst of conducting additional testing, including fingerprint and DNA analysis.

The most disturbing takeaway is that the fentanyl crisis has taken its deadly toll on all classes and all ages.

—Dan Ouellette

Methamphetamine Remediation

Meth Lab Cleanup

Nearly 20 years ago, Joe Mazzuca and his wife Julie founded Meth Lab Cleanup Company with the intent to clean up contaminated properties that were used as labs for manufacturing methamphetamine for the black market. In a conversation last fall with Mazzuca, he estimated that there are 2.5 million clandestine meth lab sites in the U.S. 

“I have crews all over the country,” he says. “Over the last 20 years we have cleaned more than 8,000 meth lab sites that are residential, public and commercial. Meth is a hazardous chemical, so we decontaminate a site to get rid of the toxicity.”

Meth Houses: This is what a house looks like when it’s used as a meth lab

In 2007 at the height of the meth addiction crisis, the federal government passed the Methamphetamine Remediation Act that directed the Environmental Protection Agency to establish guidelines for meth lab cleanup to help states address the problem. As of recently, only 25 states have made laws to regulate the cleanups. For those that have drawn up legislation, the remediation of meth residue on a property (including a house, apartment, shed) is stringent, including hiring a cleanup contractor. (Other states, including New York, have not passed drug-lab decontamination laws.)

 Meth contamination comes from smoking or cooking the addictive drug. For a smoker, 67 percent of the drug is inhaled while 33 percent lingers in the environment where it easily becomes absorbed by walls, floors, carpets, countertops, drapes and clothing—all considered hazardous waste. Mazzuca cites examples of meth-infected properties that were not decontaminated and were then occupied by unsuspecting home owners who fell ill because of the lingering toxics.

 According to the United States Drug Enforcement Administration, meth and increasingly fentanyl are the top two contributors to overdose. While each illicit drug is dangerous, when the two are combined, it can be lethal. Meth is a powerful stimulant while fentanyl is a depressant. Taken together it’s called speedballing with a powerful high and then a dangerous crash. Mazzuca recognizes this as a big shift in the lethal drug market.

“In the last 18 months, we’ve seen a huge trend of overdoses of meth users who were using drugs cut with fentanyl,” he says. “It’s an extremely hazardous chemical. On most of the sites we service, there’s been a rise in deaths just from handling the drugs. It doesn’t take much to OD. We test for both meth and fentanyl to make sure a space can safely be inhabited.”

To expand his operation, Mazzuca offers in-depth online courses that train how to test the site, how to don and doff hazmat suits and how to handle clandestine lab cleanups.

Multiple Parents Arrested for Fentanyl Death's

Fentanyl Victims: Infant and Toddler

Illicit fentanyl deaths continue to make the news almost daily with nation-wide cases involving recreational users and opioid addicts. The fine line between getting high and bottoming out in death is incredibly narrow. Fentanyl’s lethality amounts to two milligrams—small enough to fit on the tip of a sharpened pencil. That makes a contaminated space of a victim’s use or even as a cutting lab a monumental cleaning challenge for specialized crews.

Ebonee White Arrested on Decmber 2nd - Photo courtesy of WCBI News

While the vast majority of fentanyl overdoses occur with adults, there is an alarming trend of young children—the most innocent and vulnerable—falling prey to their parents’ foolishness. In recent cases, an infant died as a result of her mother’s drug use in Mississippi while a 15-month-old toddler died as the result of his two parents’ drug-infested home life styles in Riverside County in Southern California.

In Oxford, Mississippi, the details are sketchy, but the story is horrendous. Ebonee White, 31, called police on September 15, 2021, when her baby daughter had stopped breathing. The police sent an ambulance that transported her to a nearby hospital. She was pronounced dead on arrival. An autopsy by the Mississippi Medical Examiner’s Office several weeks later revealed that the infant had died of fentanyl toxicity.

White was arrested on December 2 and charged with manslaughter—culpable negligence. It’s unclear if the baby had accidentally ingested powder or inhaled a tiny spec of the drug—or even if her mom had been smoking fentanyl. What is clear is that the Oxford Police Department after it further investigated the incident ordered her to be held on a $100,000 bond. 

In September 2020 in Riverside County, a couple deep into counterfeit drug use were suspected of murdering their 15-month-old son. He mysteriously stopped breathing in the family’s dilapidated and filthy trailer. His mother, Sandy Acuna, told authorities he had climbed out of his crib and swallowed a white, circular pain pill. She said it was from a prescribed drug that she was using from a difficult birth of her 4-month-old daughter. However, authorities investigated this claim and found no prescriptions had been written for her.

What was uncovered was alarming. The investigators found photos on Acuna’s cell phone of pills that were consistent with the type of illicit drugs on the black market that were laced with fentanyl. Her blood was tested which revealed that she had fentanyl in her system. Her husband, Adler Metcalf, likewise had fentanyl in his blood system as well as marijuana.  

Investigators tested the young daughter. She too had marijuana in her bloodstream. The autopsy of Adler Acuna Jr. found that he had died of acute fentanyl toxicity. They did not find a pill in his stomach, but five ounces of fentanyl paste. The authorities dug deeper and discovered that both parents were supplying doses of fentanyl and marijuana to their son and daughter. It was a sick picture of two adults apparently trying to make their family a community of drug abusers—start the kids young to create addicts.

 Riverside County police arrested both parents in November 2021. Initially Metcalf had been charged with child endangerment for the death of the son. But upon review of the findings Metcalf and Acuna were charged with murder.

 At the time of the charge, the Riverside County DA’s Office said it was then prosecuting nine murder cases related to the 280 deaths attributed to fentanyl. The crises shows no signs of letting up. When it comes so close to home, parents are rightfully dismayed about the remote possibility of their young children inadvertently becoming exposed to the lethal drug.

Epidemic Within the Pandemic

Killer Counterfeit Pills

In a November 2021 update, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported that more than 100,000 people died from overdoses in a 12-month period ending in April—the biggest increase ever seen in the U.S. The culprit? Fentanyl, which was the factor in 60 percent of the fatal overdoses. That represented a massive 50 percent increase in a single year.

 The headline in the November 23, 2021 U.S. edition of the London-based newspaper The Guardian reads: “It’s devastating: how fentanyl is unfolding as one of America’s greatest tragedies.” Writer Melody Schreiber quotes Nora Volkow, the director of the Natural Institute on Drug Abuse, as saying, “It’s an epidemic within the pandemic…what we didn’t expect was that during that period there [would] be a massive increase in the entry of these illicit substances into the country.”

Luca Manuel, a 13-year old who died of an accidental overdose in August 2020, when a pill he thought was Percocet was laced with fentanyl. Photograph: Amanda Faith/Reuters

 The narrative of the article opened with 13-year-old Lucas Manual. In August 2020, after six months of remote learning, he was excited to become an eighth grader at his school in Redding, California, home. He wanted to be at his best, but Manual was still suffering mouth pain from a root canal performed on him a week earlier. Rather than seek help from a pharmacy, he logged onto Snapchat and sought to get marijuana to relieve the pain. A dealer replied and said he had something better: Percocet.

 Shortly after he received his pain-free pills in the mail, Manual popped his first dose while playing a video game. He was dead within minutes of overdosing. An investigation found that the pill was a counterfeit that had been cut with fentanyl.

 Manual’s case is not unique in our society. There’s a higher chance today for a lethal fentanyl hit. Even people who are not addicted to opioids but occasionally take drugs for a recreational high are susceptible to die from one miniscule encounter with the illicit drug.

 Daniel Ciccarone, the Justine Miner endowed professor of addiction medicine at the University of California, San Francisco, told the Guardian, “The trajectory is up, with no leveling off. There’s nothing that says it’s slowing down. Counterfeit pills are a big part of the story. They look all the world like the real thing.”

 There are some solutions to these F-bomb surprises, including the recently developed inexpensive test strips that can detect the presence of fentanyl cut into other drugs, from opioid pain pills to cocaine. And if there is a fentanyl overdose, the naloxone medication can rapidly reverse the effects. However, the med’s price has increased this year and that has led to an alarming shortage.

Brice Harrath shares his story of overdosing on opioids and being administered a life-saving dose of naloxone. He encourages others to be trained to use the medication in the event of the overdose of a friend or family member.

This remains one of our country’s greatest health cataclysms. As Covid-19 deaths rise toward 800,000 people in the U.S., the fentanyl contagion fatalities certainly pales in comparison. But as the drug agencies and health workers agree, the toll of the drug and its contamination of innocent bystanders is on a wildfire path of destruction. Where will it end?

Perhaps in the matter of justice. To close Manual’s story, justice has been at least partially served. Detectives investigating his death have charged the dealer who sold the youngster the deadly drug with murder.

 And another positive: Manual’s mother, Amanda Faith Eubanks, has created a support group for families whose children have encountered a similar fate at the claws of fentanyl.

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Author Information

Dan Ouellette is a free-lance journalist and author who has covered a range of topics in his decades long career based in San Francisco and since 1999 a resident of New York City. In California he reported on such stories as the dire work at Oakland’s Highland Hospital Emergency Room and how the building of a jazz club in Oakland helped the city resurrect a district that had been neglected. He also wrote about the cultural history of the Volkswagen Beetle that grew into a book on its history, its social impact and its new life as the New Beetle in 1998 (The Volkswagen Beetle Book). In New York, Ouellette largely turned his attention to the jazz scene of the city and international festivals. He was a writer, editor and teacher at City College. He wrote two biographies, Ron Carter: Finding the Right Notes (a story about jazz’s greatest bass player), and Bruce Lundvall: Playing by Ear (about the one of the music industry’s most brilliant ears for signing star artists ranging from Herbie Hancock to Norah Jones). In addition to contributing to different magazines and online publications, Ouellette produces a monthly music column, Jazz & Beyond Intel, on his website: danouellette.net. He can be reached at danouell33@gmail.com.

Fentanyl - Chemical Weapons Attack

Dangers of illicit fentanyl Trafficking

The word is only slowly getting out in media circles about the dangers of illicit fentanyl trafficking.

In the 2019 The New York Times Magazine story “The China Connection: How a DEA Agent Cracked a Global Fentanyl Ring,” author Alex W. Palmer wrote: “A kilogram of fentanyl, purchased for only a few thousand dollars, can be mixed with heroin and made into a couple million dollars’ worth of pills. By contrast, a kilogram of undiluted heroin nets less than $80,000 in profit.”

In a 2020 episode of the National Geographic Television documentary series Trafficked, intrepid journalist Mariana van Zeller traced the fentanyl pipeline that has produced the most devastating drug epidemic in U.S. history. She used anonymous and masked informants to take her a step at a time into the dangerous world of the Mexican drug cartels. Van Zeller and her team witnessed kegs of fentanyl dropped into the ocean off the Mexican coast from international container ships.

History of Fentanyl in America | Trafficked with Mariana van Zeller

They then followed the route the drug traffickers took to get the raw material to low-quality labs where the fake pills and powders were manufactured. The team then shadowed the delivery of the fentanyl through the border patrol after the smugglers coated the drug packages with coffee grinds, mustard and fabric softeners to successfully avoid detection of drug-sniffing patrol dogs.

On the Fox News Channel show Justice with Judge Jeanine, host Jeanine Pirro spoke with former DEA Special Agent Derek Maltz about drug trafficking. He said that fentanyl seizures by the Border Patrol in the El Paso Sector had increased 4,000 per cent since 2018. “In Orange County, it’s been reported that there’s been a 1,000 per cent increase since 2016,” he said. “Then there were 30 deaths a year. Now it’s over 4o0. This is a chemical weapons attack.”

Fox Justice with Jeanine with former DEA Special Agent in Charge Derek Maltz

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Author Information

Dan Ouellette is a free-lance journalist and author who has covered a range of topics in his decades long career based in San Francisco and since 1999 a resident of New York City. In California he reported on such stories as the dire work at Oakland’s Highland Hospital Emergency Room and how the building of a jazz club in Oakland helped the city resurrect a district that had been neglected. He also wrote about the cultural history of the Volkswagen Beetle that grew into a book on its history, its social impact and its new life as the New Beetle in 1998 (The Volkswagen Beetle Book). In New York, Ouellette largely turned his attention to the jazz scene of the city and international festivals. He was a writer, editor and teacher at City College. He wrote two biographies, Ron Carter: Finding the Right Notes (a story about jazz’s greatest bass player), and Bruce Lundvall: Playing by Ear (about the one of the music industry’s most brilliant ears for signing star artists ranging from Herbie Hancock to Norah Jones). In addition to contributing to different magazines and online publications, Ouellette produces a monthly music column, Jazz & Beyond Intel, on his website: danouellette.net. He can be reached at danouell33@gmail.com.

The Fatal Facts

Killer Drug

Most people don’t recognize the dangers. Rock stars battling injuries from fatigue on the road have fallen prey to taking pain-killing drugs laced with fentanyl. Two of the music’s superstars fell into that category: Prince and Tom Petty.

Tom Petty at age 66 accidentally overdoses after mixing a variety of medications which included fentanyl.

Former NHL player Jimmy Hayes died from fentanyl and cocaine intoxication, M.E. determines

Sports stars also have to be aware. Recently former Boston Bruins’ hockey player Jimmy Hayes died, according to the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner in Massachusetts, “from acute intoxication due to the combined effects of fentanyl and cocaine.” He became addicted to painkillers after suffering a hockey injury.

Created in October 2020 and now hosting close to 7 million visitors, the podcast “Fatal Facts of Fentanyl” at facebook.com/offentanyl has served as an action group raising the awareness of lethal fentanyl with stories of poisonings and overdosing.

The 2021 documentary “Killer High: The Silent Crisis,” produced by Fresno ABC station KFSN-TV and ABC Localish Studio, proved to be a wakeup call for Central California. It focused on two families impacted by the fentanyl epidemic and the reactions of law enforcement and medical professionals. One speaker said, “The biggest threat to Fresno is no longer covid-19.”

To add more fuel to the fire, the horrendous carfentanil analog has found its way into the market and onto the streets with increasing frequency. It’s 10,000 times more potent than morphine and 100 times more potent than fentanyl. It was manufactured not for human use, but as a tranquilizer for large mammals.  

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Author Information

Dan Ouellette is a free-lance journalist and author who has covered a range of topics in his decades long career based in San Francisco and since 1999 a resident of New York City. In California he reported on such stories as the dire work at Oakland’s Highland Hospital Emergency Room and how the building of a jazz club in Oakland helped the city resurrect a district that had been neglected. He also wrote about the cultural history of the Volkswagen Beetle that grew into a book on its history, its social impact and its new life as the New Beetle in 1998 (The Volkswagen Beetle Book). In New York, Ouellette largely turned his attention to the jazz scene of the city and international festivals. He was a writer, editor and teacher at City College. He wrote two biographies, Ron Carter: Finding the Right Notes (a story about jazz’s greatest bass player), and Bruce Lundvall: Playing by Ear (about the one of the music industry’s most brilliant ears for signing star artists ranging from Herbie Hancock to Norah Jones). In addition to contributing to different magazines and online publications, Ouellette produces a monthly music column, Jazz & Beyond Intel, on his website: danouellette.net. He can be reached at danouell33@gmail.com.

THE UNTOLD STORY: REMEDIATING A TOXIC DRUG DWELLING FOR SAFE REENTRY

THE UNTOLD STORY

The heart-wrenching stories of how heroin, cocaine and opioid addiction is taking lives and devastating those in the wake of overdoses are all too familiar. Today, users and law enforcers are grappling with an unprecedented crisis fueled by a lesser-known but even more lethal substance: synthetic fentanyl sold on the black market.

Drug dealers are lacing heroin and cocaine with fentanyl to increase their effect which can be deadly.

Up to 50 times more powerful than heroin, pharmaceutical fentanyl began with noble intentions. It was first developed in 1959 as an intravenous pain treatment. However, in the last decade, consumption of illicit fentanyl—smuggled to the U.S. from Mexican drug cartels and Chinese labs—ranks as one of the leading causes of death here, greater than fatalities caused by car crashes, HIV or gunshot wounds.

Lethal dose of fentanyl and carfentanil.

In September 2021, the Drug Enforcement Administration reported more than 93,000 people died of a drug overdose in the U.S. in 2020, an increase of 30 percent from the previous year. It blames the rise on the increased use of fentanyl sold on the streets. Illicit fentanyl can range from pharmaceutical fentanyl resold on the streets to illicit labs producing a variety of fentanyl analogs. Currently the most lethal analog is carfentanil, which is 10,000 times more potent than morphine and 100 times more potent than pharmaceutical fentanyl. It’s becoming a commonly recognized national disaster of epic proportion that spans all socio-economic backgrounds. However, addiction affects more than just its victims and those close to them.

The Untold Story for Hotel and Lodging Owners  

What people aren’t aware of is the tragic consequences of overdoses don’t end merely with a user’s death. The untold story: wherever a person has engaged in illicit fentanyl use, the dwelling may have become a hazardous waste site. Even inhaling a speck of the drug can prove deadly. The ramifications impact all who come in contact with the property—from first responders to those tasked with cleaning up. At one site in Northern California, a house cleaner hired to clean a home died within minutes after coming into contact with fentanyl.

Hotel rooms contaminated with fentanyl are rapidly increasing.

For those engaged in the hotel and lodging industry sector, the stakes are especially high. Education is key to keep cleaning staff and guests safe. There are a myriad of issues: testing by the local health governing agency, hiring certified industrial hygienists and workers skilled at hazardous cleanups and disposal. Insurance is also a factor to consider.

But what’s most important is to hire a crew of professionals to get the job done safely.

“If property owners are blindsided by a fentanyl death and do not take the correct steps, guests or employees could also be tragically exposed and lead them wide open to possible lawsuits.” says Jon Schibsted, owner of Safety Services Management (SSM), a Southern California-based company that specializes in fentanyl cleanup.

The Danger of Fentanyl

Lethal fentanyl mixed into cocaine.

Schibsted notes that because fentanyl is a cheap drug for mixing with other narcotics, its reach is widespread. “Not only are drug dealers pressing their own pills, but they are also cutting illicit fentanyl into other drugs to increase their effect,” he says. “The danger is that this is occurring in hotel rooms, apartments, houses, garages and storage facilities which can cause widespread contamination of a site that anyone of us can be exposed to.”

Local public health units may respond to a fentanyl overdose and often red tag the property until all traces of fentanyl are removed. Some agencies will give the owner a packet that includes information about contractors approved to do this specialized remediation cleanup, but often times, the property owner is left on their own to find the appropriate resources.

“The cost is huge,” says Dwane Pianalto, who is a Southern California Registered Environmental Health Specialist (R.E.H.S.). “Such a substantial cost for a hotel, for example, means loss of income. If a site is red tagged, the law says no further occupation is allowed until the remediation is completed. The whole process could take up to 90 days.”

Creating a Site Assessment

Once a site has been red tagged due to fentanyl, a Preliminary Site Assessment is created by a trained professional such as an industrial hygienist. The hygienist will take samples of the site and provide recommendations on cleaning. “We prefer to work directly with the hygienist at the beginning of the process to ensure they sample the site to paint a clearer picture of what needs to be cleaned,” says Schibsted. “If it isn’t done correctly, it can lead to a much higher cleanup cost.”

Samples are sent to an accredited lab for contamination analysis.

Joe McCaffrey, a certified industrial hygienist, explains the process as a series of time consuming, but incredibly important steps, “Various surfaces inside the residence, are sampled for fentanyl contamination. Sampling usually includes walls, floors, furniture, appliances, HVAC systems, and areas that appear to have been impacted by pill presses, smoking, or drug cooking activities. Those samples are then analyzed by an accredited lab which provides the results of contamination. When fentanyl is in powder form, I advise washing all surfaces with a decon solution such as Decon7 or Dahlgen, an oxidation-based cleaner, then using a vacuum with HEPA filters to remove any remaining small particles. Then we test again to make sure the property is safe to reoccupy."

The Nightmare Remediation

All equipment and personnel are decontaminated after each entry.

The whole process can be a nightmare says San Diego resident Greg Gleeson who with his brother in Orange County own 200 rental units in Southern California.

“We got a call from our property manager in San Bernardino that the city had closed down a unit because two people overdosed and a third was rushed to the hospital,” he says. “I showed up and there were people in hazmat suits, and I thought, was my tenant making nuclear bombs or something? Then the police told me that these guys were cutting fentanyl pills in the apartment. They likely inhaled, and it killed them.”

Crews use special cleaning solutions to neutralize fentanyl.

Gleeson said that started him for “a dunk in the deep end.” The property was impounded and red tagged by the fire department and it was determined that it needed a complete remediation by a professional crew. “That’s when I discovered that a small amount of fentanyl like a grain of salt is lethal” he says. He had to move people out of adjoining units, which meant a hit in income for rentals. He also had issues with his insurance coverage that rarely covers damages from drug abuse. 

As for his recommendations to other property owners, Gleeson says, “So much of fentanyl is coming through Mexico, so Southern California is being hit the worst. More is coming in, so be prepared. Check your insurance, have a rolodex of cleaning crews, and be ready to hire one for $30,000 plus to fix the whole mess.”

When it comes to keeping your hotel operational, preparing for the worst before it happens can help you keep staff and guests safe, and help keep your hotel in business.

Crews take vitals before and after making entry into a site contaminated with fentanyl.

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Author Information

Dan Ouellette is a free-lance journalist and author who has covered a range of topics in his decades long career based in San Francisco and since 1999 a resident of New York City. In California he reported on such stories as the dire work at Oakland’s Highland Hospital Emergency Room and how the building of a jazz club in Oakland helped the city resurrect a district that had been neglected. He also wrote about the cultural history of the Volkswagen Beetle that grew into a book on its history, its social impact and its new life as the New Beetle in 1998 (The Volkswagen Beetle Book). In New York, Ouellette largely turned his attention to the jazz scene of the city and international festivals. He was a writer, editor and teacher at City College. He wrote two biographies, Ron Carter: Finding the Right Notes (a story about jazz’s greatest bass player), and Bruce Lundvall: Playing by Ear (about the one of the music industry’s most brilliant ears for signing star artists ranging from Herbie Hancock to Norah Jones). In addition to contributing to different magazines and online publications, Ouellette produces a monthly music column, Jazz & Beyond Intel, on his website: danouellette.net. He can be reached at danouell33@gmail.com.

About Safety Services Management: Safety Services Management was founded by Jon Schibsted, a former firefighter for Los Angeles who received extensive training to become a Hazmat Specialist, and consists of a team of ten emergency response specialists who can quickly respond whenever a property owner calls for assistance remediating a hazmat situation.